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Essay on The Criminal Population and African Americans

African Americans are targeted by law enforcement more often than any other race (Toth, Crews Burton, 2008). Because of this the term racial profiling was created to explain the process of targeting people for criminal activity because of race not evidence (Toth et al, 2008). African Americans are over represented in the criminal justice system based on their population amount compared to whites (Toth et al, 2008). African American males are incarcerated at a rate 9 times that of white males in most states, in others that number may be as high as 12 to 26 times more (Toth et al, 2008). Nationwide statistics show in most states 1 in 20 over the age of 18 are in prison, while 5 other states report 1 in 13 or 14 compared to the 1 in 180†¦show more content†¦At the prosecution stage, African Americans are subject to racially biased charges and plea agreements (TLC, 2011). African Americans are less likely to have their charges dismissed or reduced or to receive any kind of alte rnate sentencing than their white counterparts (TLC, 2011). In the last stage, the finding of guilt and sentencing, the decisions of jurors may be affected by race (Toth et al, 2008) African Americans receive racially discriminatory sentences from judges (TLC, 2011). A New York study from 1990 to 1992 revealed one-third of minorities would have receive a lesser sentence if they were treated the same as white and there would have been a 5 percent decrease in African Americans sent to prison during that time period if they had received the same probation privileges (TLC, 2011). African Americans receive death sentences more than whites who have committed similar crimes (Toth et al, 2008). Because of the unfair treatment from the beginning to the end of the justice system there is an over represented amount of African Americans in prison (Toth et al, 2008). Some of the problems faced by African Americans in prison are gangs, racial preferences given to whites, and unfair treatment by p rison guards (Toth et al, 2008). One of the most recent lawsuits initiated by African Americans took place on September 15, 2011, against the Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore. The lawsuit alleges the instituteShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1512 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough saying the criminal justice system is racist is a controversial statement, there is evidence and statistics that prove it to be true. Research and evidence validate the issue of racism to be undeniable. Equality and justice are out of reach with the racism that takes place in our criminal justice system and our country. Racial discrimination is prevalent amongst the African American culture in issues regarding drug use, and incarceration which creates unfair inequality for this race. I willRead MoreThe Relationship Between African Americans And Incarceration1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationship between African Americans Males and Incarceration Research question: Why are the majority of American prisoners African American males? Thesis: Because of racial inequality and a history of social oppression African American males have been treated unequally entering jails/prison at a higher rate than other racial groups The mass incarceration of African Americans has been for years, racially pushed forward. In recent years this crisis of disproportional inequality hasRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-equal treatment of members of that race. Also, this paper will be focusing on the race industry within the criminal justice system in all level law enforcement, courts and court system. Racial discrimination can be researched back in history its leading enablers take it as undisputable that the African American community has the highest number of incarceration rates result within the criminal justice system. According to many evidence and statistics is can be stated that at a presidential primaryRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System : An Analysis Of Income And Racial Inequality Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Williams English 102 Professor 6 May 2015 The Criminal Justice System: an Analysis of Income and Racial Inequality In the history of civilized communities, one finds that different structures and practices are relevant and necessary to uphold and maintain order within society—hence, the establishment of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreAfrican Americans in Prison and the Jim Crow Laws Essay915 Words   |  4 Pages The United States has the biggest prison and jail population in the world not only by population, but also by sheer numbers. Many of these offenders are behind bars for nonviolent drug crimes and statistically more of those non-violent offenders are African American. African Americans are 13% of the United States Population but make up over 40% of the current jail and prison population. A black man is five times more likely to be convicted of a crime than a white man in the United States. How farRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Criminal Justice System1394 Words   |  6 Pagesbiases within a myriad of institutions. One of these institutions which have policies which negatively affect minorities is the criminal justice system. There is an overrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos within prisons. Discrimination and prejudice have morphed throughout time to continue to keep individual without power. There are more African American adults in prison or jail, on probation o r parole—than were enslaved in 1850 (Alexander. New Jim Crow.) Through the history of thisRead MoreRacial Bias Of The Criminal Justice Field921 Words   |  4 Pagespossible examples of racism in the criminal justice field. First, the United States created a harder punishment system which has created an upsurge of inmates in prisons and jails due to the upholding of drug wars. According to the Human Rights Watch in 2008, Caucasians and African American are similar in offenses that drug related such as sales and possessions. Secondly, this has to do with getting pulled over and its results of various rates of Latinos and African American compared to Caucasians. ThisRead MoreAfrican American And Other Ethnic Groups Incarcerated Versus Whites1553 Words   |  7 Pagesthe research about the ratio of African American and other ethnic groups incarcerated versus whites, also how this affects the community, why such a high percentage of African Americans ages 25-29 are incarcerate d and the racial disparities that exist in the justice system. Historically African Americans have been discriminated against in the United States and a system of race based hierarchy still exists. The lower class includes the Blacks and Hispanic population and other so called minoritiesRead MoreEffects Of Racial Corruption In The Criminal Justice System1678 Words   |  7 Pages Racial Corruption in the Criminal Justice System It appears that the criminal justice system is racially biased. Instead of the criminal justice system giving all of the citizens of the United States of America the same civil treatment, it treats all individuals differently based upon the color of an individual’s skin. What does it mean to be racially biased? Being racially biased is known as to judge one by his or her physical appearance. Treating people of color unfairly is still common toRead MoreWhat Does Black Males Use The Strength Based Perspective?1744 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American males who live in poverty are the most vulnerable and oppressed population in society. Since the first slave ship set sail from Africa with hundreds of Blacks in tow headed to America, black have endured the worst treatment of any one individual race in America. Slavery lasted over three hundred years and has been illegal since 1865. However the underlying effects of slavery continue to plague Black males in society. In our moder n day society there are still underlying racial injustices

Army Crew Case Free Essays

Introduction of partnership with â€Å"Satan† the strength training coach Athletics Military ann. structure Academics Atlanta Training Facility Spring Season Varsity Issues escalate within the few weeks before the Nationals Failure to resolve Varsity conflict before Nationals could do damage that will last the rest of the year. West Point No Individual criticism from peers on JP vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Army Crew Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Varsity’s merciless criticism of one another Rowing technique suffers from when Individualism Is high, Varsity has high Individualism, JP Is a collective Fall Season Winter Workout Spring Break Training JP Nothing to loose. vs. varsity â€Å"Row hard†, â€Å"Never die†, or â€Å"Flash clean† strength training with â€Å"Satan† resulted in more Dual wins for JP, Varsity getting stronger (per erg), but not winning Elements of a successful racing crew Team coordination Varsity preference to practice alone vs.. JP willingness to train against stronger opponents (Varsity) Varsity accuses Coach P. Of creating a rift between Varsity JP Destructive criticism in Varsity vs.. Comradely on JP Pointed criticism of each other Some Varsity ember overly critical of themselves Program organization The sport Comparison of Varsity vs.. JP Strength conditioning Dynamic of military rank in peer-topper feedback was more significant for Varsity vs.. IV Influential Stakeholders Root Cause of Varsity Losses to Junior Varsity Telling Factors Environmental Factors Return to the Hudson when Varsity began self destructing but coach P. Treated It as normal behavior. Army Crew Case By sardonically rank structure Academics Atlanta Training Facility Spring Season Varsity issues individual criticism from peers on J. How to cite Army Crew Case, Papers

Transformational Leadership and Employee Creativity †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Transformational Leadership and Employee Creativity. Answer: Introduction This literature review address and defines the problem in the department of food and beverage of a hotel. The key aim of this literature review is to provide depth assessment of the issue by classifying its main element into different variables and explaining each variable individually before developing an association between them (Cole,2016). The research issue is initially addressed the general idea regarding hospitality industry together with food and beverage department. Under the identification stage, the role of employee satisfaction is discussed. Further, the impact of career progression on job satisfaction in FB department of a hotel is addressed as the research concern. This issue is selected due to high contribution of staff and workforces in the company in hospitality sector (Dessler,2014). In the hospitality industry, employees build the goodwill of a corporation by positively interact with the guest. This interaction may put down the last impression in the customers mind and also improves the loyalty of the customer. Therefore, employee satisfaction is a significant problem for each hospitality company. The impact of career progression on job satisfaction is exemplified in the literature review chapter. In this way, career progression is defined as an independent variable by using different journal article by supporting it with theory. Moreover, job satisfaction is explained as a dependent variable by using two different theories which are supported by the different textbook, and a journal article (Robbins,et. al., 2015). In the last, this research has discussed the interrelationship between two different variables i.e. career progression and job satisfaction. Identification of the Problem There are many researchers which discuss regarding guest and their satisfaction in the hospitality sector. However, these are not explaining the role of employees and their sustainability on job satisfaction. Moreover, different factors may affect the morale and satisfaction of workforces in the hospitality sector, particularly in the food and beverage (FB) section. Although, these factors can be addressed yet, it is not limited to career progression, pay scale, and management, working hour, immediate supervision and job nature. This research problem is addressed that constancy in career progression may influence the job satisfaction in the FB section in hospitality sector (Tesone,2013). Under this research issue, career progression is independent variable and job satisfaction is the dependent variable. This literature review discusses regarding the issue of job satisfaction and career progression. Both variables are explained earlier developing an interrelationship between the same. According to Walker and Miller (2015), the hospitality organization is act as service-oriented sector and relied on the clients and guests who use these services. These facilities are transferred by the workforces at the workplace and hence they are a valuable asset to a company in the hospitality sector. In addition, the food and beverage division is developed in the front of the hotel in which employees interact with the guest. It is established with the intention of contacting the guest in the hotel. It is assessed that employees can be motivated by assigning them effective responsibility as per their skills consequently; it will satisfy them with respect to their job and make progress in their career. In contrast to this, Zainal (2012) stated that the depth understanding of the career progression, hospitality, and promotion opportunity is significant for employees. Since, in the current scenario, people highly spent more money, time and efforts to make a career in the hospitality. For gathering the information regarding food and beverage division, high amount of physical skills are essential for the workforces. As a result, these skills are effective to exhibit the knowledge of FB division. Along with this, different soft skills are required for this division to deal with the guest interaction and their satisfaction. Hospitality sector job can be complex for employees as there is need of getting satisfaction at each level of the hierarchy structure. Career progression cannot be a sole cause of the existence of career prolonged in the hospitality industry. Since, career prolonged is increased by enhancing the procedure of socialization and induction with acknowledgment of professio nal recognition of employees at the workplace. In the current scenario, hospitality career is associated with an upwards career path and hence employees want to grab the opportunities to get satisfaction with their job. In the view of Zopiatis et al. (2014), the food and beverage department is attractive for employees as compared to housekeeping and kitchen division. Further, it encourages the employees to get rapid progression and growth at higher management level as per their skills and knowledge. In the hospitality sector, employees can forget the practice of food and beverage however it is measured as one of the significant resources for promotion and growth. In the case of inadequate promotion and growth, high amount of employees can be discouraged in their existing roles and responsibilities. Therefore, career progression is one of significant aspect for workforces who want to pursue hospitality sector as their vocation. There is significant association amid the achievement of hospitality firms and selection of the right person and human resources because labors are valuable resources within hospitality firm. There is key concern regarding employee attraction within the hospitality industry. P erception about the career attractiveness in Hospitality in both short and long-term is significant factors to influence the skill and proficient employees. On the other hand, Deery and Jago (2015) evaluated that company should offer quality work experience to their employees as it will influence them to make a future career decision. It is a significant strategy to persuade the highly educated and talented employees towards the organization in the hospitality sector. It is also analyzed that employees who work in the hospitality sector are looking forward to being engaged within the large hotel and expected to build their career in the same organization. Furthermore, they have a different choice for certain divisions, sectors, and chains in the hospitality sector. There is a large number of employees who expected to reach corporate and general management position in next ten to twelve years of graduating. These expectations do not seem on the right track of their career progression during the constancy in leaving employees and job frustration among employees. As per the view of Kong et al. (2015), career is essential for each person who is emphasized on the work and wants to grow themselves both individually and professionally. To gain the knowledge about the bright future, a person should pool the facts and figures regarding a career as it is an essential component to make a career decision. Individual who focuses on their career may look for the appropriate data from secondary and primary sources. In this way, a large amount of data is persuaded by contemporary online and social network. It is analyzed that there is direct association amid career attitude and performance. Hence, individual should be high awareness about career decision making the procedure as it can reveal the career progression. In support to this, Kang et al. (2015) stated that in the current business scenario, individuals are becoming aware regarding their careers and also certain persons are paying attention to a career as well driven by their aim and objectives. In this way, there are high chances for a person to get quick growth and promotion opportunities in their career. In the hospitality industry, employees cannot get quick growth and career progression hence they get disappointed with their job. There is a deviation in the belief of hospitality students and industry experts which creates complexities for a person to get career progression. In the current era, people think that knowledge and skills are required for a good and successful career in the hospitality industry while industry experts feel that charisma with the personality of an employee is required over the skills to get career progression. McPhail et al. (2015) elaborated that people think that being a good communicator is essential to get prompt promotion with getting career progression while the experts of the hospitality industry are making believe that initiatives should be taken by employees in their work to get career progression. In the hospitality industry, manager identifies the industry values and attitudinal attitudes as compared to skills among employees. Career progression should rely on the skills and knowledge but it is not the only ones that may assess the promotion. Since, experience and temperament are essential to assess the promotion in the hospitality industry. Under the food and beverage division, charisma, appeal, and personality are integrated with the enthusiasm of taking initiatives as it effectively aids an employee to build their skills and provides a way to reach the upward position in their career. As per the view of Wan et al. (2014), the theory of career choice defines that in choosing the career in the hospitality industry, people prefer to jobs in which they can be around other people who like them. They find the atmosphere which will permit them to use their abilities and skills and demonstrate their values and attitudes for solving the problem and perform their roles. As per this theory, the behavior of a person is assessed by the link between atmosphere and personality. Further, there is six model of the occupational environment which is related to personality type named realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. Each atmosphere is dominated by the different type of personality and is characterized by physical setting and special situations. In contrast to this, Karatepe and Karadas (2015) evaluated that career development professional highly exercises the Hollands theory of vocational choice. It is relevant to orient the people towards their work and facilitating a methodical way for their career progression. This theory is also effective to make career decision and plan. Hollands theory is contributed to management and ease of access and also directly impact on the organizational performance. This theory also addresses the career decision-making issue which is faced by individuals and youth in their career development. In the hospitality sector, the company uses Hollands theory of vocational choice in human resource issue from selection and staffing of a person to implementing mentoring and succession planning initiatives. This theory is also exercised to conduct legal action against the disputes regarding earning capacity. According to Chiang et al. (2014), a career counsel is serving as an expert witness in solving the food and beverage case. For example, Hollands theory is applied for proposing the strategy and aids food and beverage manager to make changes within the organization after the phase of absence and underemployment. This theory is also highly exercised between counselor of vocational rehabilitation to support an individual who is disabled to attain their objectives and career development. After identifying the disabled issue, this theory focuses on the ways to solve it. As a result, it can be stated that Hollands theory is effective for a person to get career progression. Dependent Variable (Employee Satisfaction) As per the view of Tongchaiprasit and Ariyabuddhiphongs (2016), an individual spends their lot of time at the workplaces particularly workforces who deals in the hospitality sector. It is analyzed that while people spend their most of time at the workplace then motivation is essential for them to conduct good job performance. In the modern practices, enthusiastic people is contributed their efforts to attain the objectives of the company due to a competitive edge. Along with this, the link amid job satisfaction and employees management is essential in the hospitality sector. It is analyzed that employees who work in good management has high morale and also provides positive job satisfaction. There are different factors which are considered in employee management such as perks, praise, appreciation, and motivation. It is beneficial to improve the employee morale in working in food and beverage division. Another way of providing the job satisfaction is involving the employees in the de cision-making process of an organization. Further, hospitality organization also emphasizes the customer satisfaction because there is a significant association between employees and customer satisfaction. It is also analyzed that employees satisfaction is not influenced by customers satisfaction, however, customers satisfaction is influenced by the employees satisfaction in the hospitality sector. It is also evaluated that perception of guest about the brand highly relies on the employees behavior. As per the view of Chen et al. (2014), Herzberg has categorized the job factors into two broad manners named hygiene and motivational factor. In this way, hygiene factors are considered as job factor which is significant for motivating the employees in food and beverage division of an organization. However, these factors do not encourage for obtaining favorable satisfaction at long-term. It is also analyzed that if these factors are absent and non-existed within an organization then it could lead to job dissatisfaction among employees at the workplace. In support of this, Karatepe et al. (2014) stated that hygiene factors provides adequate reason and pacify the employees in the job and also effective to satisfy them. These factors are extrinsic at the workplace. Hygiene factors are alias dissatisfier and safeguarding factor which is required to avoid dissatisfaction. These factors elaborate the job environment in the hospitality industry. This factor incorporates the physiological requirement that a person wants and a prospect to attain. In contrast to this, Tschopp et al. (2014) stated that hygiene factor cannot be considered as a motivator because these factors yield favorable satisfaction. These factors are highlighted on the intrinsic factor at working place. It also encourages the employees to better performance. Employees are rewarded intrinsically in the workplace in the hospitality industry. The motivator is denoted as the psychological needs. It is observed as an additional benefit. According to Walsh et al. (2015), Maslows hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory which entails five-tier models of human needs. It is demonstrated as hierarchy levels within a pyramid. It is stated that people are encouraged to attain particular needs and that certainly needs to take priority over other needs. The basic need is for physical existence and it is first things that encourage the behavior of an individual. After accomplishing the physical needs, people motivate to achieve others needs. People initially gratify the lower level shortage needs before moving ahead on higher level development needs. This theory can be used by an employee at the workplace to satisfy their needs. Thus, it can be stated that in the hospitality industry, food and beverage manager should motivate the employees by satisfying their needs as it could be beneficial to improve the organizational performance. Interrelationship between Dependant and Independent Variable Researcher develops the interrelationship between independent and dependent variable as it will aid to elaborate the research issue comprehensibly. In this way, Yang and Lau (2015) stated that career commitment and stable career is the key driving forces which affect job satisfaction of a large number of employees. Job satisfaction demonstrates the impact of peoples satisfaction on career commitment. There is high correlation amid job satisfaction and career and hence it is significant to comprehend the same by identifying each factor individually. Thus, the issue can be understood by a combination of two variables. Job satisfactory of a person highly relies on their career progression. Along with this, career progression is not depending on the satisfaction of employees as it relies on different factors. Job satisfaction may have a favorable impact on the working skills and abilities of employees (Lee, et. al., 2015). As a result, it can be stated that job satisfaction could aid emp loyees in growing their career however it does not demonstrate their direct effects on a career while career progression has a direct impact on the satisfaction level of employees. In support of this, Chan and Mai (2015) stated that the key cause of participating and involving the employees in the decision-making process is increasing the opportunity for career progression and advancement. In the current business scenario, it is analyzed that business is losing their employees and also unable to replace them. Further, in the hospitality sector, mid-level managers and senior level managers are remaining half in five years. These are concerning statistics for an organization because it loses their amount of investment in recruiting new people and staff turnover. In the hospitality sector, it is also analyzed that cost of hiring new employees is twice of old one. Thus, managers should hire the skill and talented person to compete in the market even in the cut-throat competition in the hospitality industry. Furthermore, appreciating, empowering, motivating, and offering a growth opportunity to employees is beneficial to meet the business needs (Wang, et. al., 2014) . These factors satisfy them to get the career progression. In the food and beverage division, there is high pressure on dealing with different kinds of guest as hotel manager should use the empowerment and motivation technique to encourage the employees towards the work. As per the above analysis and interpretation, it can be concluded that there is a strong association between job satisfaction of employees and their career progression. It is evaluated that career progression is identified as independent variable while job satisfaction is recognized as the dependent variable. Career progression is discussed by using the different journal article and textbooks. The literature review exemplified that career progression is a significant factor in current scenario as it is driven by aim and objectives. Further, it is evaluated that a large number of people uses the career-centric approach in their life. Hence, they expected to get rapid development and promotion opportunities at the workplace. It is also analyzed that employees satisfaction is used as dependent variable. Employees satisfaction relies on different factors like nature of the job, working hour, immediate management and remuneration. The organization should measure the satisfaction level amo ng their employees. There are different theory is used in the dependent variable part that could be used by the company to enhance the employee satisfaction. At the last, it can be concluded that there is an interrelationship between two variables. It shows that job satisfaction is persuaded by the career opportunities in the hospitality sector. Thus, it could be stated that dependent variable i.e. job satisfaction highly depends on the independent variable i.e. career progression. It can be also summarized that there are few statistical constraint and data limitation which shows the facts and figures regarding both variables in the individual discussion. This chapter of research demonstrates the techniques that will be used in the actual research. As a result, it will aid to gain depth understanding research issue and reach the reliable and valid conclusion. Further, this research will also use mix research design to attain the research objectives in a systematic manner. This research design is selected due to containing the characteristics of both qualitative and quantitative research design. Qualitative research design would be effective to provide theoretical information regarding research issue while quantitative research design will be used to pool the statistical data associated with the research topic. This data will be collected via interview (Karatepe, and Karadas, 2014). This report also explains that sample of the population will be used to conduct the interview to support the research. These samples will be selected from different sampling tools and population sample. It also discusses that data collection technique which will be used to complete the research in a systematic way. This research also describes the ethical consideration which should be used by a researcher during data collection to complete the research in ethical boundaries. At the last, this research describes the limitation which will confront by the researcher to carry out the research (Lpez-Cabarcos, et. al., 2015). The methodology can be defined as the devise or concept that researchers use in their research to assess the facts. But, the methodology can be exercised in the larger structure of research description. This research will use qualitative methodology approach by conducting the interview with employees from Food and beverage division. As a result, it could be beneficial to reach the findings and conclusions. It is analyzed that axial coding is a significant technique which aids to disaggregating the core theme in a qualitative analysis. It can be stated that career progression and employees satisfaction is two different aspects which are used in this research and axial coding will aid to segregate them during the literature review (Mostafa, and Gould-Williams, 2014). Population, Sampling Technique, Population sample (Characteristics) The population is used for the qualitative research in which hotels in Australia are used as population and food and beverage division of Hilton Sydney Hotel is used as a sample. Furthermore, 50 employees who work in food and beverage division of Hilton Sydney Hotel will be selected as sample size. Sampling technique is used to select the adequate number of components from vast population hence result analyzed from the sample could be generalized. For this research, individual will be selected from the same department like food and beverage division who gone through the career progression and have a high and low level of job satisfaction during this phase. These people will be selected to acquire reliable and valid findings from their experience. For this research, non-probability sampling will be used to select the sample size. Under this, convenience sampling will be used to select the respondents as per the convenience (Jung, and Yoon, 2015). Data collection is defined as a procedure to gather the data and then determining the same in systematic manner as it could help to evaluate the result. Innovation in data collection is effective to measure the behavior of participants. Hence, it would be beneficial to get the reliable and valid outcome regarding research. Data collection is based on the two sources named secondary and primary. For this research, primary data will be collected by the researcher to get fresh information and reach a reliable conclusion while secondary data is collected from existing sources. The researchers will also useful sources of primary data to conduct the research in an authentic manner because this information is obtained from first hand instead using available resources. Primary data can be collected via observation, interview, survey through questionnaire and focus group (Cheung, et. al., 2014). In this research, the researcher will use interview method to collect the primary data. In conduct ing the interview, research will use structure interview as it would be beneficial to gather the depth information regarding research issue. Data analysis is a key factor which influences the results and obtains findings of qualitative research. This method demonstrates the single phase from different alternatives of the qualitative research process. Data analysis part highly relies on the research model. In the certain model, data analysis is intangible and can be implemented in parallel while, in a certain model, analysis can be conducted after data gathering process (Lee, 2016). Further, quantitative data analysis approach will be used a researcher to make valid inferences from obtained collected data by interviewing the employees in FB division. Along with this, data reduction technique can be used to rearrange and combine the pooled data into the theoretical form. These data will be shown by research in a systematic manner which is convenience and ease to make conclusion and findings. This research will also use the inductive approach in which impact of career progression on job satisfaction will be observed to accomplish the research objectives (Brown, et. al., 2014). This approach is also called post-positivism approach. Ethical Considerations Ethical consideration should be used to decide the ethical boundaries of research. There is a certain restriction which will be used to avoid unethical conduct from research. It is analyzed that pooling information through quantitative research could be unproblematic as compared to qualitative research hence researcher should use ethical guidelines. Moreover, confidentiality and consent of participants is a key issue for the researcher. This research will be conducted by focusing on ethical limitation and boundaries. In this way, the researcher will take care to provide respect and keep the dignity of participants by helping them (Prayag, and Hosany, 2015). The researcher will also not use the confidential data which can harm and injury to the participant and also be cautious to provide care to them. Every research has a certain limitation in a different manner. It is analyzed that this research can face certain limitation during the research and to reach the conclusion. This research is conducted to analyze the impact of career progression on job satisfaction of any workforces who are in food and beverage division of a hotel. The researcher will gather the data from 50 employees which would hard to select to reach the specific conclusion (Lee, 2016). Conclusion As per the above interpretation, it can be concluded that this methodology defines the different kinds of research methods that will be used to aid the particular research in order to reach a specific conclusion. It can be also summarized that research methodology is developed to explain the population, sampling techniques, and sample size which will be used to conduct actual research. Along with this, data gathering technique is implemented for this research to move forwards on the data analysis strategy. This research also demonstrates the ethical consideration and limitation that should be considered by the researcher during the research. References Brown, E. A., Arendt, S. W., Bosselman, R. H. (2014). Hospitality management graduates perceptions of career factor importance and career factor experience.International Journal of Hospitality Management,37, 58-67. Chan, S. H. J., Mai, X. (2015). The relation of career adaptability to satisfaction and turnover intentions.Journal of Vocational Behavior,89, 130-139. Chen, Y., Friedman, R., Simons, T. (2014). The gendered trickle-down effect: how mid-level managers satisfaction with senior managers supervision affects line employees turnover intentions.Career Development International,19(7), 836-856. Cheung, C., Kong, H., Song, H. (2014). How to influence hospitality employee perceptions of hotel brand performance?.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(8), 1162-1178. Chiang, F. F., Birtch, T. A., Cai, Z. (2014). Front-line service employees job satisfaction in the hospitality industry: The influence of job demand variability and the moderating roles of job content and job context factors.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,55(4), 398-407. Cole,K. (2016). Management: Theory practice (6thed.). Australia: Cengage Learning. Deery, M., Jago, L. (2015). Revisiting talent management, work-life balance, and retention strategies.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 453-472. Dessler,G. (2014). Human resource management (2nded.). UK: Pearson Publications. Jung, H. S., Yoon, H. H. (2015). The impact of employees positive psychological capital on job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors in the hotel.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(6), 1135-1156. Kang, H. J., Gatling, A., Kim, J. (2015). The impact of supervisory support on organizational commitment, career satisfaction, and turnover intention for hospitality frontline employees.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,14(1), 68-89. Karatepe, O. M., Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees satisfaction? A study in the hotel industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(6), 1254-1278. Karatepe, O. M., Beirami, E., Bouzari, M., Safavi, H. P. (2014). Does work engagement mediate the effects of challenge stressors on job outcomes? Evidence from the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,36, 14-22. Kim, S. S., Im, J., Hwang, J. (2015). The effects of mentoring on role stress, job attitude, and turnover intention in the hotel industry.International Journal of Hospitality Management,48, 68-82. Kong, H., Wang, S., Fu, X. (2015). Meeting career expectation: can it enhance job satisfaction of Generation Y?.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(1), 147-168. Lee, J. S., Back, K. J., Chan, E. S. (2015). Quality of work life and job satisfaction among frontline hotel employees: A self-determination and need satisfaction theory approach.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(5), 768-789. Lee, K. J. (2016). The sense of calling and career satisfaction of hotel frontline employees: mediation through knowledge sharing with organizational members.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(2), 346-365. Lpez-Cabarcos, M. ., Machado-Lopes-Sampaio-de Pinho, A. I., Vzquez-Rodrguez, P. (2015). The influence of organizational justice and job satisfaction on organizational commitment in Portugals hotel industry.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,56(3), 258-272. Lu, A. C. C., Gursoy, D. (2016). Impact of job burnout on satisfaction and turnover intention: do generational differences matter?.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,40(2), 210-235. McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P., Davidson, M. (2015). Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees job satisfaction index: Evidence from Australia.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(8), 1814-1838. Mostafa, A. M. S., Gould-Williams, J. S. (2014). Testing the mediation effect of person-organization fit on the relationship between high-performance HR practices and employee outcomes in the Egyptian public sector.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(2), 276-292. Prayag, G., Hosany, S. (2015). Human resource development in the hotel industry of Mauritius: myth or reality?.Current Issues in Tourism,18(3), 249-266. Robbins,S.P., Bergman,R., Stagg,I., Coulter,M. (2015). Management: 7 (7thed.). Australia: Pearson. Tesone,D.A. (2013). Principles of management for the hospitality industry. UK: ROUTLEDGE. Tongchaiprasit, P., Ariyabuddhiphongs, V. (2016). Creativity and turnover intention among hotel chefs: The mediating effects of job satisfaction and job stress.International Journal of Hospitality Management,55, 33-40. Tschopp, C., Grote, G., Gerber, M. (2014). How career orientation shapes the job satisfactionturnover intention link.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(2), 151-171. Walker,J.R., Miller,J.E. (2015). 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The Go-Between LP Hartley Essay Example

The Go-Between LP Hartley Essay The Go-Between is a story of memories, told by a man in his sixties, looking back on his boyhood to the particular summer of 1900 on a visit to an aristocratic family in Norfolk, where a chain of events that took place, due to his naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½vetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, provoked the downfall of the main character, Leo Colston. His two-week stay in a grand house, among upper-class strangers scarred him, and contributed to the type of life that he has grown accustomed to ever since, that of a companionless and removed life. The prologue of The Go-Between serves several purposes, being an introduction to the character, his life and how he came to remember that summer in which his life was changed forever.The prologue opens with the cultured and educated bachelor in his sixties, Leo Colston, rummaging through a box of memories he once owned, taken from the year 1900, including the diary he kept for that year. The discovery of the diary and the other miscellaneous contents of the box; rusty magnet s, photo negatives, dried sea urchins, etc. awaken the events that took place of the summer of 1900 which had been concealed and forgotten deep within his mind, and the contents of the diary as what he, Leo Colston, believes encouraged him to become the lonely and detached person he is today, in 1953, when the novel is set.With the opening line of The past is a foreign country, they do things differently there a theme of the past and memory is instantly aroused. Even though the theme of the past is conjured up, there is a greater sense of distance, not only in the past but the way that the character himself is distanced by the choice of grammar, they instead of we and do instead of did. The opening line suggests Leos past to be of a foreign nature, meaning that his memories of his past have become foreign to him due to the fact that he buried them deep within his mind in order to forget the events that occurred the year of 1900. From the initiating line of The past is adifferently t here, the reader is immediately made aware that this is a story of the past, and suggests an alienation of events which may have occurred in the past, with which the main character, Leo Colston, has consequently attempted to block from his mind.After rifling through the contents of the recently discovered box, the older Leo discovers the diary, which contain the events that were to change him from then onwards. At first Leo doesnt recognise the diary, only the diary refused to disclose its identity p5, and he primarily believes that it was a present someone had brought (me) from abroad p5, again emphasising the theme of things being foreign to him because they have been mentally blocked and so when he is confronted with these things later on in life they are seemingly alien. The older Leo is stumped as to why he cannot remember the diary because he believes that he must have treasured it at the time due to its expensive appearance, and so therefore he is unwilling to open it because it questioned his memory and he disliked having it (his memory) prompted, p5. After some time attempting to remember what the diary held and stood for, he ventures at opening the combination lock, and as soon as he hears the click of the diary opening, it was as though the key in the lock of his memory turned, and the chain of events recorded in the diary were uncovered.As soon as these events are recognised, the elder Leo realises that without the recorded events occurring, he would be a very different person leading a very different life, not looking into the past but into the futureand not sitting alone, p 6. This recognition causes the reader to conceive and comprehend the importance and the scarring effect that these events had upon the younger Leo, at the age of 12. The reader does not yet know of something that could be so powerful to change someone so much and in so many ways, but is forewarned of the importance of the events that took place that summer were to be never for gotten, etched forever in his memory, by the slow release of information of how the character comes to remember the contents of the diary.In the act of opening the diary, he notes the signs of the Zodiac on the first page, recounting his fascination with them and their significance. Including the fact that it was also he year of 1900, the dawn of a new era, caused the young Leo to hold great expectations of the new century, hoping it to be the turning point of his otherwise hum-drum life, living with his widowed mother in a working-class lifestyle, and unfortunately the year 1900 was the pinnacle of his life, but changed it for the worse, not the better.The rapture of and attention paid to the signs of the Zodiac is heightened to the fact that the signs provided his young and impressionable imagination symbols with which to attach to people and reflect upon them. The older Leo remembers his particular intrigue of the sign of the Virgin the distinctly female figure in the galaxy, p7, which would later be recognised as Marian, his envy of the manly signs of the Archer and the Water-Carrier, and also his wanting to disassociate himself with his sign, Leo, because it was that of an animal, and therefore considered unmanly by him. Due to this dislike of being recognised as an animal, he searches for a more grown up zodiacal figure to model himself on, and is attracted to the signs of the Archer and the Water-carrier. The elderly Leo also remembers his enthusiasm of the coming about of the turn of the century, believing it to be the dawn of a Golden Age, p8, and a year that would change his life. To begin with, while Leo is still at boarding school, it is noticeable that his main fantasies were about being on the brink of a golden age seem to bear no relation to his real experience as a schoolboy. He is content to keep his imaginary world and his real life separate, which display to the reader that the events of the two-week stay at Brandham Hall must have scarred h im to a great degree considering the lonely life Leo has grown to lead.It is made apparent to the reader the Hartley must have chosen to set the novel in the year 1900 so to convey the idea that Leo believes himself to be living in a year which will change the rest of time, and is the beginning of the rest of his life. In the prologue it is clear that the novel will continue the theme of Leos youthful idealism and ultimately his disillusionment. The choice of a new century and particularly the twentieth century provides an ideal setting for Leos story.The older Leo recalls a specific time when he was a schoolboy at boarding school, the diary being one of his prides and joys, and would flaunt it about in front of the other boys. The diary was then stolen and the use of the word Vanquished within it caused him to be severely bullied by two boys, Jenkins and Strode. The older Leo reflects on this and accepts his pretentious use of a word such as vanquished at the time of being a school boy and continues to recount how he got revenge, by writing three curses in the diary with his own blood. When the curses came to light and reality, he was respected, afterwards I was quite a hero, p12, maybe even feared by the other schoolboys as Jenkins and Strode were both critically injured when the fell from the roof of a building.When Leo goes to look at the diary again, he sees assorted occurrences and affairs leading up to the two-week stay in Brandham Hall. After the noting of the name Brandham Hall, he reads through the list of guests that stayed there at the same time as him, and also the noting of the maximum temperature for each day, up until the 26th of July, the last entry in the month of July and the last entry in the diary, I did not have to turn the pages to know that they would be blank, p16. The emphasis on the fact that the older Leo knew that after that date he had not continued to use the diary causes the reader to realise that the two weeks in July was the ti me scale which within Leo became a changed person.The accentuation of the recordings of the maximum temperature for each day of Leos stay at Brandham Hall in 1900 introduces the authors use of pathetic fallacy to the reader thus enabling the author to use the weather to reflect the feelings and emotions of certain characters. By recording the temperature, after each day I had recorded the maximum temperature p16, it initiates to the reader that the summer of 1900 must have been an extremely hot one and so the heightened atmosphere of the heat would add to the building of ambience around specific characters.As the older Leo opens the diary, it is noted that the stirring of the memories of that summer was like the loosening of phlegm in an attack of bronchitis, which were waiting in anticipation to be freed from where that had been buried all these years. The older Leo then goes on to explain about how what happened at Brandham Hall was to change him forever as it was the first time i n his life that he felt he had been a significant figure within a certain company, and this significance had lead to disaster. This therefore conveys to the reader Leos fear of mattering, the saying pride comes before a fall comes to mind and so it appears that the older Leo has continued to hold the belief that pride is a sensation to be wary of as it can cause a greater damage. Because of the great pride Leo held as a young boy, he believes that it may have contributed to the enormous breakdown he suffered after the stay at Brandham Hall and so has chosen to blend into the background throughout his life. This is seemingly in order not to get so high on his horse so that he becomes blind to the things that are actually going on around him, suffering great consequences, as he once did as a boy.The idea of Leo attaching symbols of the zodiac to unfamiliar people in order to characterise them and create a more friendly feeling towards them is again emphasised in the later stages of th e prologue. The unknown guests also staying at Brandham Hall within the same two weeks as Leo, had, according to the younger Leo, zodiacal properties and proportions and were the substance of his dreams, p16. These descriptions furtherly stress Leos habit of putting people on pedestals, having a fixed image of them in his mind, which they may not actually fulfil, remaining in awe of them believing that they were above him. It is clear to the reader that Leo idealised the guests staying at Brandham Hall, relating them to the signs of the zodiac in order for them to become more familiar and to gain a further understanding of them.The imaginary conversation that the older Leo has with his younger self follows swiftly on, and is a good example of the distinctness between the two Leos, what the one was like before the events that occurred at Brandham Hall and what the other has become due to the events that occurred, showing a distance between them. When Leo, as an old man, expects the y ounger Leo to question why his life has ended up as it has after all that he did in his first twelve years in order to have a greater life, the older Leo replies that it was the younger Leos fault for becoming too big-headed. Again the line of pride coming before a fall is accentuated as the older Leo explains quite simply you flew too near to the sun and got scorched, p 17. This being a reference to Icharus of Greek Mythology who had winged sandals, became too big headed and flew too near to the sun, melting the glue on the wings and thus falling to his death. This cindery creature is what you made me, p 17, acts as a justification to the younger Leo as to why the older Leo has become what he has become, believing that it was the breakdown he suffered after staying at Brandham Hall from which he never recovered. The older Leo concludes that it was his younger selfs too high expectations of the new century that added to his downfall, as they were expectations that could never be rea ched.As the conversation between the two very different Leos continues, the older Leo argues that even though the Maudsleys, Ted, Marian or Hugh did him wrong, he insisted on looking at them as angels, even if they were fallen angels, p 17. This proves that as the younger version of Leo had idealised these people, almost viewed them as icons, he could not plant any blame for what followed onto them, he couldnt allow the perfected images he had of them in his head to be tarnished, so accepted the blame himself. Even over fifty years later, it is made apparent to the reader that it obviously still bothers Leo, showing that he hasnt been able to fully bury the memories and cannot, even though he wants to, put it behind him. The last line of the conversation between the two contrasting Leos, try now, try now, it isnt too late p 18, is an obvious desperate plea for closure of the subject by the older Leo in order to regain some normality to his life.The next paragraph tells the reader of how the voice of the younger Leo had haunted Leo as an older, more mature man, and that it had only confirmed his suspicions that he could no longer bury his memories, but had to confront them head on. The next stage brings the reader back to reality, the clock struck twelve p 18, sets the scene again, back to where Leo had been rifling through his old belongings. The last word of the prologue, LEO, p18, furtherly accentuates his fascination with the zodiac as a boy and also his mild egotism at this age, for using his name as the code to the lock.In conclusion to what the prologue does for a reader in preparing them for the novel, is that in the way in which it is written, including intriguing flashbacks, memories and talk of the past, the author quickly has enraptured the readers attention into finding out what could have emotionally scarred the main character Leo, so much so, that it in return ended up ruining his life.

Welfare essays

Welfare essays Welfare is government programs that provide money, medical care, food housing, and other necessities for needy people. People who receive welfare include children, the aged, the blind, the disabled, and others who cannot adequately provide for themselves and their families. Most welfare in the United States comes from agencies of the federal and state governments. They are also funded by payroll taxes on workers and their employers. Federal and state governments in the United States help the needy through about sixty public assistance programs. Most people receive assistance chiefly through four major programs. These are (1) Medicaid, (2) Aid to Families with Dependent Children, (3) Supplemental Security Income for the aged, blind, and disabled and (4) the Food Stamp Program. The question now is, is Welfare appropriate? There is much criticism on the welfare system. It ranges from a number of economic and social issues. Some people criticize welfare programs for not providing high enough benefits to eliminate poverty. Many critics of the welfare system charge that providing a steady income to needy people encourages idleness. Some people cheat the system by not reporting all the income they earn. I am one of those many critics that are very disappointed with the governments welfares food stamp program. The food stamp program is supposed to help low income households buy more and better food than they could otherwise afford. Each participant household receives a certain number of coupons called, food stamps. The federal government issues the stamps. The number of stamps a household receives varies with the familys size, income, and expenses. Cooperating grocery stores accept the stamps like money for food purchases only. On every food stamp booklet there is a statement. For example: Make Healthy choices that fit your lifestyle ...

Analyze ethical aspects of organizational decision-making at WalMart Term Paper

Analyze ethical aspects of organizational decision-making at WalMart - Term Paper Example It is running successful business almost in all major countries across the globe and perhaps that is the reason why it is known as the largest retailer in the world. This paper tries to through a light on the ethical activities carried by Wal-Mart. The essay also takes into account the case of bribery the firm faced in Mexico and how it curves its way out from the problem. Wal-Mart is often termed as a hypermarket, it operates to sale varied range of goods and services to the consumers; like from dairy products to meat, cellular phone stores to pet shops. ‘Low price always’ is the jingle used by the company commonly, it provides goods at the most competitive and resalable prices (Stone, 1997). It is estimated that most of the consumers of Wal-Mart has no bank accounts and their income is almost less than that of the national average. Founded in 1962 the company was supposed to serve a healthy competition for all the other small retailers in the market. Bribery in Mexico Like all that glitters might not be gold, these are various complains against the giant organization of Wal-Mart. It is believed by many economists that the poor communities in U.S. are unfavorably affected by the special discounts given by throng merchandisers like Wal-Mart. It was analyzed that the company will made small retailers in U.S. ... The company found it to be beneficial to open a business wing in this zone as it is situated in a crowded location of the main entrance of the city and it is only a mile away from the prehistoric pyramids that sketch large strength of people as tourists. It was estimated by the analysts of the company that almost 250 customers would come each hour provided the store of the company was established in the chosen location. There was one big hindrance that came up to the business plans of the company, the elected leaders of the town decided to settle up a new zoning map. The leaders wanted to frontier the growth near the pyramids. It was also estimated that the way in of the city was already very crammed thus it would not be an efficient decision to allow Wal-Mart establish there new store in that location. This annoyed the officials of the headquarters of the company in Mexico. It was in records and interviews that the company responded to the unfavorable zoning conditions by offering a bribe of about $52000. The zoning map would not become an edict until it would come in print in the newspapers. The bribing offices of Wal-Mart bribed an executive before the new zoning map was sent in the media. Thus when the modified new zonal map was issued it gave the legal allowance to Wal-Mart to open its new store in the entrance of Mrs. Pineda's field. The protesters oppose the very entry of Wal-Mart in a location that was very near to the cultural heritage but amidst all the difficulties Wal-Mart de Mexico established their business in the grounds of the city. The business running in the entrance of the city made its crowded traffic worse off, the company almost contended the long-established community markets and ruined them. The news of Mexico was mostly covered with grumble of

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Management - Essay Example authorize their employees; also, the results are reliable with the possibility perspective in that the achievement of leader-influence approaches depends on the association among manager and employee. Leaders are anticipated to influence their employees to be vigorous and skillful in the quest of organizational objectives. Leadership researchers have focused on identifying the strategies that managers can use to persuade, convince, and control subordinates successfully. Although research in leadership influence has important implications, there has been a lack of progress in the development of consistent knowledge linking influence strategies with employee compliance and effective work (Davis & Luthans, 1994, 237). A less recognized fact is that the nature of the manager-employee relationship can affect the success of influence attempts. This study was an examination of how the cooperative or competitive relationship between managers and employees affects the kind of influence used and its effectiveness. The findings of recent studies suggest that the attitudes of employees toward their manager affect his or her influence attempts (Graen & Schiemann, 1997, 210). How employees believe their goals are related to their manager may affect their receptiveness to influence. According to Deutsch (2000, Press), influence and interaction more generally can be examined in terms of perceived goal interdependence. In cooperation, people believe their goals are positively linked so that as one moves toward goal attainment, others move toward reaching their goals; they can be successful together. In competition, people believe that their goals are negatively related so that ones success interferes with others. With independent goals, people consider their interests unrelated so that ones goal attainment neither helps nor hinders others goal attainment. In past hypotheses, goal interdependence was thought to affect trust and openness. In cooperation, people expect mutual

Meeting the Customer Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Meeting the Customer Needs - Essay Example From this study it is clear that the most important question is how to know the specific needs of the customers related to some specific products. The marketing research plays the vital role in this case. The survey design and the questionnaire design play the major role to identify the customer needs. Through the proper data collection and analyzing the data are the most appropriate way to find out the customer needs and to satisfy the needs accordingly. In this particular case the target organization is the McDonald’s.This paper highlights that  maintaining a great service quality and the product quality are all about understanding the requirements of the customers and delivering the tailor-made services to satisfy them.   Understanding the customer behavior is another very important factor to be focused on to run a successful business. However, these are the basic rules to delivering satisfying services. The measurement of the steps taken towards the customer satisfacti on is also very important. The primary and secondary data are important to support the outcome of the services related to the customer satisfaction. In regards to this research, the secondary data used are gathered from the Internet, journals and other publications in order to get basic information about the nature of the influences of the customer satisfaction. And the primary data are collected from the survey made from the sample size of 50 people selected randomly.... It is very vital to understand the importance of the customer satisfactions. Customer needs are the base of any business. However, the most important question is how to know the specific needs of the customers related to some specific products. The marketing research plays the vital role in this case. The survey design and the questionnaire design play the major role to identify the customer needs. Through the proper data collection and analyzing the data are the most appropriate way to find out the customer needs and to satisfy the needs accordingly. In this particular case the target organization is the McDonald’s. Introduction: Maintaining a great service quality and the product quality are all about understanding the requirements of the customers and delivering the tailor-made services to satisfy them. Understanding the customer behavior is another very important factor to be focused on to run a successful business. However, these are the basic rules to delivering satisfyi ng services. The measurement of the steps taken towards the customer satisfaction is also very important. The primary and secondary data are important to support the outcome of the services related to the customer satisfaction. In regards to this research, the secondary data used are gathered from the Internet, journals and other publications in order to get basic information about the nature of the influences of the customer satisfaction. And the primary data are collected from the survey made from the sample size of 50 people selected randomly. McDonald’s has been taken as the target brand in this case. The whole paper is stratified into five chapters and each chapter has its own relevance to prove the importance of the customer satisfaction to win

Overview Of The Tangshan Earthquake History Essay

Overview Of The Tangshan Earthquake History Essay It is important to develop some general knowledge what causes earthquakes, in order to gain a better understanding about the Tangshan event. Earths crust is broken into major tectonic plates that move towards and away from each other in different directions. Debated driving forces behind this movement includes Earths rotation, gravity related forces and mantle dynamics. Generally, it is accepted that tectonic plates are able to move because of the relative density of oceanic lithosphere and the relative weakness of the asthenosphere. While these plates are moving, they can collide or slide past each other creating high energy phenomena such as volcanoes and earthquakes. Specific to earthquakes, the edge of one plate is forced under another. This process is called subduction and results in intense vibrations in Earths crust. More specifically to Northeast China, the tectonic environment is driven by collisions between the Indian and Asian plates, and Pacific and Asian plates. An important component of the Tangshan earthquake is the role of an extensive strike-slip fault system, known as Tancheng-Lujiang, or Tan-Lu. This system extends in a north-northeast direction for more than 3,200 miles from the north bank of the Yangtze River in eastern China to the west across the Russian border. It is an intertwined zone of faults 5000km long and 1000km wide, neighbored by other sub-faults. These collectively played a significant part in what resulted in the Tangshan earthquake. In fact, the Tangshan earthquake sequence has been explained as the result of sequential ruptures of the Tangshan fault produced by NNE extensive faulting and associated NE-SW regional compression. The earthquake sequence then initiated at the bending region (near Tangshan City) due to continued tectonic stress that had been increasing for a long time. The relationship between the rupture geometries of the Tangshan earthquake sequence and the regional compression stresses. The Tangshan Event Pre-cursors Earthquakes have occurred in the surrounding area in the past, including 22 earthquakes of magnitude 4.75 or greater since 1485. Despite these previous activities, there were no foreshocks or clear precursory phenomenon prior to the Tangshan earthquake. However, there had been a series of abnormal signals observed in the regions of Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Bohai and Zhangjiakou. Tangshan indicated that there was a consistent drop in the pumping rate (and hence groundwater levels) in the years before the event with a sharp increase in the days prior to the earthquake. Additionally, survivors interviewed following the earthquake noted that well water levels changed abruptly in the hours before the event e.g. with rises of over a meter in at least on village in the region. There was also strange animal behavior reported, including city dwellers from the downtown area who had fish discovered that the fish were restless, jumping out of the aquarium as if wanting to escape. Unfortunate ly the anomalous precursory phenomena were widely scattered and inconclusive. The main quake The main quake struck Tangshan at 3:42 am on July 28, 1976, and lasted approximately 23 seconds. This short lived quake was at an intensity of XI (out of XII), according to the State Seismological Bureau report, with a magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. Although the epicenter was located in the city of Tangshan, the earthquake was felt in fourteen provinces of China, and as far as Xian, in Beijing and in Tientsin. The stress of the Tangshan quake was caused by the compression along the plate boundaries of the Indian and Asian plates, as well as the compression along the boundaries of the Pacific and Asian plates. The quake ruptured a five-mile (8 km) section of a 25-mile long fault that passes through the city Tangshan. In addition, along the west side the ground moved laterally for about five feet, in a north/northeast direction sub parallel to the major axis of the meizoseismic zone with some areas with horizontal ground displacements of up to 7 meters. On the eastern side of the rupture, the ground block tipped upward near the south end and downward at the northern end. Although the earthquake was a shallow focal depth of 15 kilometers, it created both horizontal and vertical movement, causing the ground to rent apart by several feet, cave in to form craters, previously flat agricultural land being undulated, and soil liquefaction. Aftershocks Following the main earthquake, the many aftershocks also had devastating effects. There were two major aftershocks which caused additional damage to the region. On July 28, 1976 at 6:45 pm local time an Mw 7.0 earthquake struck, centered in Shangjialin Luanxian to the northeast of Tangshan. This caused 50 km (31 mi) rupture along the Luanxian-Laoting fault. The second major aftershock of Mw 6.4 struck on November 15, 1976 at 9:53 pm local time, centered south of Lutai to the southwest of Tangshan. This aftershock ruptured 20 km (12 mi) of the Jing Canal fault. In all, over 850 aftershocks occurred through the end of 1978 and were distributed throughout an area approximately 140 km (87 mi) in length and 50 km (31 mi) in width along a northeast trend, indicating the Tangshan fault as the main fault rupture. Destruction and Casualties The destruction of the earthquake included 242,400 deaths; 164,600 people severely wounded; 3,800 people disabled; 360,000 people suffering minor injuries; and various damages to residential areas, industrial areas, roads, railways and sewage systems. Here, the report will examine what effects the earthquake had on infrastructure and casualties. Infrastructure Before the 1976 earthquake, scientists did not believe Tangshan was susceptible to a large earthquake. Thus, the seismic design code for the area was zoned an intensity level of VI and the buildings in Tangshan were not built to withstand such a large earthquake. Furthermore, the city of Tangshan is located in the center of an area surrounded with major faults, where many of its structures had been built on unstable, alluvial soils. The 7.8 earthquake that hit Tangshan was given an intensity level of XI and left hundreds of thousands of buildings destroyed. The infrastructure damage affected many different areas. Ninety-three percent of residential buildings and 78 percent of industrial buildings were completely destroyed. Eighty percent of the water pumping stations and fourteen percent of the sewage pipes were seriously damaged. In addition, the foundations of bridges gave way, bridges collapsed, railroad lines bent, closed roads were covered with debris, highway bridges and at least two dams collapsed, all telephone and radio communications systems stopped functioning and almost all of the irrigation wells became inoperative. The seismic waves of the earthquake spread the damage to various regions, such as Qinhuangdao and Tianjin, and a few buildings as far away as Beijing. As was the case in Tangshan city, earthquake resistance was not generally considered in the design of buildings in these other regions. Newer buildings with seismic capacity and any buildings strengthened after the 1975 Haicheng Earthquake performed much better during the Tangshan Earthquake than those designed without seismic design considerations. Casualty Along with infrastructure damage, there were devastating amounts of casualties. As mentioned earlier, the earthquake struck just before 4 am, when many people were asleep and unprepared. Before the earthquake, the total population of Tangshan city was approximately 1.2 million, with 2 million within 40 km (25 mi) of the epicenter. As mentioned earlier, the official death count from the earthquake was 242,400; however, other sources have cited the death toll to be as high as 655,000 to 779,000 people. Contributing to the high number of casualties was the structure of residential buildings. Most residential structures in Tangshan and surrounding rural regions consisted of older, single-story brick or stone wall homes with only few newer multi-story brick apartment buildings built in the 1960s. Due to this structure, many buildings collapsed because of the lack of proper connections between the walls and roof, as did many reinforced concrete and masonry industrial buildings with heavy roofs, weighing as much as 400 kg (890 lbs). Finally, another contributing factor to the high death toll was the density of buildings and population in Tangshan city being extremely high. This concentration contributed to the seriousness of the loss in particular because the source of the earthquake was directly beneath the city. Relief Response The earthquake disaster required both short-term and long-term response. To begin, the Chinese government refused to accept international aid from the United Nations, and insisted on self reliance. This required rescue workers accompanied by appropriate equipment in order to rescue people from the collapsed buildings, as well as a pre-established plan to coordinate the effort, which was made difficult since vehicular traffic brought the few clear streets to a standstill. Also, since most of the population lost their homes due to the infrastructure destruction, there was a great need for temporary shelters. Clearing of the debris did not begin in earnest until September 1981, leaving the vast majority of the population not being able to live in permanent housing until 1985. In addition, there was the need for long-term strategic planning. Much of this had to do with future design codes for the city. The Tangshan Earthquake led to a major update to the seismic design code, released in 1978. The study of the Tangshan Earthquake and its tectonic setting also resulted in the reclassification of hazard zonation of the Hebei province (particularly the Tangshan region). Updates to the code included performance criteria increases with the raising of expected ground shaking intensity, introduction of a new understanding of how the liquefaction of underlying soils impacts building foundations, and the inclusion of increased vertical forces from seismic loads good building practice from the collapsed buildings in Tangshan. The earthquake also highlighted the requirement for redundancy in the provision of lifelines, accompanied by the assessment of the appropriate design standards to guarantee the minimum necessary function of roads, bridges, or utility supplies wh ich were greatly affected by the earthquake. The relief responses resulting from the Tangshan Earthquake created the opportunity to build and incorporate increased earthquake resistance for future seismic events. Moreover, the layout of the city was planned to reduce both the number of casualties and injured, in addition to increasing the efficacy of emergency relief and disaster rehabilitation. The 2008 Sichuan earthquake had the same measurement on the Richter scale at 8.0 in magnitude. It, however, occurred in a mountainous region where relief efforts were noticeably hampered by the geographical makeup of the land nearby. The Sichuan earthquake also had a much quicker and more organized response system than Tangshan, as the political, social and technological environment was different. Discussion Conclusion In summary, this report has presented many important concepts to gain an understanding about the Tangshan Earthquake. It has examined the underlying driving forces, such as the Tancheng-Lujiang fault system and Tangshan fault; the various effects from the precursors, main quake, aftershocks; the destruction and casualties from the disaster, including factors that lead to an increased death toll and infrastructure damage; the relief response to the disaster and how it affected future earthquake responses; and a discussion of how amateur seismologists and professionals made predictions about the Tangshan Earthquake. Discussing these topics brings awareness on the importance of understanding natural disasters, and how a population can learn and prepare itself for future natural disasters.

Acupuncture Essay -- Health Medical China Argumentative Essays

Acupuncture The traditional Chinese treatment of acupuncture is an affective alternative medicine that has been around for thousands of years. Acupuncture is one of the most researched and documented alternative medicines around (Acupuncture). Although a vast majority of people believe Western medicine is the only cure to sickness, many people benefit from acupuncture everyday. Most people disregard the ancient art all together without giving it a chance because are scared of the needles it involves. Also, since no accurate scientific explanation of how and why it works has been found, people shy away from it. The healing powers of the body are taken to a whole different level with this alternative medicine. Ancient roots of acupuncture can be traced back to archeology five thousand years ago. Its written existence has been around for about two thousand five hundred years (Dr. Michael). Acupuncture was discovered during the Chinese Empire in the Yuan dynasty which lasted from 1264 to 1368 CE (Felt). Statues of acupuncture were made during this time period and served as the base of date for the oriental medicine. Traditional acupuncture uses sterilized needles which are inserted into various acupuncture points in the human body. The needles can be anywhere from a half an inch to several inches long and produce stimulation inside the body (See). Sometimes, the needles are stirred around once inserted to speed up stimulation. In modern acupuncture, electrical stimulators are used to increase the amount of stimulation (Dr. Michael). The acupuncture points stimulated depends on a patient’s individual needs and treatment expectations. This oriental medicine is one of the safest ways to be cured of a sickness. It has no major side effects. One might experience a little pain or dizziness during the first few seconds of the first treatment, but this is rare. These side effects only occur if a patient is nervous or scared to be treated (RH). Acupuncture can cure everything Western medicine can, from diseases to back pain, without the dangerous, sometimes life-threatening side effects. Many patients turn to acupuncture as a last resort and find closure in its effectiveness. â€Å"My daughter and son have never taken a pill in their lives; acupuncture has cured all of their [health] problems† (Dr. Michael.). Acupuncture is individual based. It is a very â€Å"c... ...uman body is a sacred, complicated thing which can only be done by nature and God. In the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein gets ahead of himself and takes on a task bigger than life itself, creating life. He forgets how sacred the creation of the body is and tries to create an ideal human for fame. Of course, the outcome was horrific and Victor paid for his actions for the rest of his life. Acupuncture doesn’t allow people to get ahead of themselves like Victor did; the way of thinking brought about is that of a natural sense. The techniques of the alternative medicine allow people to remember how magnificent and sacred the human body is and realize that it cannot be created through lab work or perfected through medicine. With Western medicine, patients can take up to four or five medications before finding one that suits their needs and most can have many life threatening side effects. With acupuncture, it is one procedure and one attempt to heal a patient with NO major side effects. Acupuncture is a unique ancient art that is backed by thousands of years of Chinese thought and research and has been proven affective for many people and their illnesses. Acupuncture Essay -- Health Medical China Argumentative Essays Acupuncture The traditional Chinese treatment of acupuncture is an affective alternative medicine that has been around for thousands of years. Acupuncture is one of the most researched and documented alternative medicines around (Acupuncture). Although a vast majority of people believe Western medicine is the only cure to sickness, many people benefit from acupuncture everyday. Most people disregard the ancient art all together without giving it a chance because are scared of the needles it involves. Also, since no accurate scientific explanation of how and why it works has been found, people shy away from it. The healing powers of the body are taken to a whole different level with this alternative medicine. Ancient roots of acupuncture can be traced back to archeology five thousand years ago. Its written existence has been around for about two thousand five hundred years (Dr. Michael). Acupuncture was discovered during the Chinese Empire in the Yuan dynasty which lasted from 1264 to 1368 CE (Felt). Statues of acupuncture were made during this time period and served as the base of date for the oriental medicine. Traditional acupuncture uses sterilized needles which are inserted into various acupuncture points in the human body. The needles can be anywhere from a half an inch to several inches long and produce stimulation inside the body (See). Sometimes, the needles are stirred around once inserted to speed up stimulation. In modern acupuncture, electrical stimulators are used to increase the amount of stimulation (Dr. Michael). The acupuncture points stimulated depends on a patient’s individual needs and treatment expectations. This oriental medicine is one of the safest ways to be cured of a sickness. It has no major side effects. One might experience a little pain or dizziness during the first few seconds of the first treatment, but this is rare. These side effects only occur if a patient is nervous or scared to be treated (RH). Acupuncture can cure everything Western medicine can, from diseases to back pain, without the dangerous, sometimes life-threatening side effects. Many patients turn to acupuncture as a last resort and find closure in its effectiveness. â€Å"My daughter and son have never taken a pill in their lives; acupuncture has cured all of their [health] problems† (Dr. Michael.). Acupuncture is individual based. It is a very â€Å"c... ...uman body is a sacred, complicated thing which can only be done by nature and God. In the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, Victor Frankenstein gets ahead of himself and takes on a task bigger than life itself, creating life. He forgets how sacred the creation of the body is and tries to create an ideal human for fame. Of course, the outcome was horrific and Victor paid for his actions for the rest of his life. Acupuncture doesn’t allow people to get ahead of themselves like Victor did; the way of thinking brought about is that of a natural sense. The techniques of the alternative medicine allow people to remember how magnificent and sacred the human body is and realize that it cannot be created through lab work or perfected through medicine. With Western medicine, patients can take up to four or five medications before finding one that suits their needs and most can have many life threatening side effects. With acupuncture, it is one procedure and one attempt to heal a patient with NO major side effects. Acupuncture is a unique ancient art that is backed by thousands of years of Chinese thought and research and has been proven affective for many people and their illnesses.